Abstract The Habanero chilli peppers are one of the most important vegetables in Mexico's culinary culture due to its unique aromatic characteristics. Its cultivation is concentrated in the south and southeast of Mexico, typically using the principles of conventional agriculture. According to this model, large quantities of fertilizers and pesticides are used, affecting production safety. In order to evaluate two proportions of compost as substrate (100 and 50 %) in addition to a control, with and without the application of efficient microorganisms (EM), under a completely randomized design, a trial was conducted in Villaflores, Chiapas, Mexico (N 16º 32' and W 93º 45'). The six treatments had five replicates, each with five plants. Seedlings were transplanted 21 days after sowing (DAS) in polyethylene bags with the indicated proportions. Organic management was based on the application of biofertilizer every eight days until 64 days after sowing. The parameters evaluated were plant height, stem diameter, fruit number and weight, as well as polar and equatorial diameter. Analysis of variance, mean tests (Tukey p ≤ 0.05) and simple correlations (Pearson) were performed. Statistical superiority was determined for the parameters evaluated in the treatments using organic amendment in its two proportions, improving phenological and yield variables with the application of EM, in symmetries of 5 to 20 %. Correlations showed correspondence of phenological variables and yield components of Habanero chili peppers.

Resumen El chile habanero constituye una de las hortalizas más importantes en la cultura culinaria de México debido a sus características aromáticas singulares. Su cultivo se concentra en el sur y sureste de México, usándose típicamente los principios de la agricultura convencional. Bajo este modelo se utilizan grandes cantidades de fertilizantes y plaguicidas, lo que afecta la producción con inocuidad. Con el objetivo de evaluar dos proporciones de composta como sustrato (100 y 50 %), además de un testigo, con y sin la aplicación de microorganismos eficientes (EM), bajo un diseño completamente al azar, se realizó un ensayo en Villaflores, Chiapas, México (N 16º 32’ y W 93º 45’). Los seis tratamientos tuvieron cinco repeticiones, cada una con cinco plantas. Las plántulas se trasplantaron a los 21 días después de la siembra (DDS) en bolsas de polietileno con las proporciones señaladas. El manejo orgánico se fundamentó en la aplicación del biofertilizante cada ocho días, hasta los 64 DDS. Los parámetros evaluados fueron altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número y peso de frutos, así como diámetro polar y ecuatorial. Se realizó análisis de varianza, pruebas de medias (Tukey p ≤ 0,05) y correlaciones simples (Pearson). Se determinó superioridad estadística de los parámetros evaluados en los tratamientos de uso de la enmienda orgánica en sus dos proporciones, mejorándose las variables fenológicas y de rendimiento con la aplicación de los EM, en simetrías del 5 al 20 %. Las correlaciones señalaron correspondencia de las variables fenológicas y de los componentes de rendimiento del chile habanero.

RESUMEN Introducción: los pacientes con COVID-19 ingresan en mayor proporción a asistencia respiratoria mecánica, aumentando: el riesgo de neumonía asociada a ventilador (NAV) las tasas de mortalidad, los días de permanencia en las unidades de terapia intensiva (UCI) y los costos sanitarios. Objetivo: determinar la Mortalidad intrahospitalaria de pacientes con COVID-19 complicados con neumonías bacterianas en asistencia respiratoria mecánica en Cuidados Intensivos de Adultos en un Hospital del Paraguay durante los años 2020 a 2021. Metodología: estudio analítico de tipo cohorte retrospectiva. Se registraron variables demográficas, comorbilidades, puntajes en scores de gravedad como el APACHE II al ingreso, la cifra más baja de oxigenación durante la internación expresado por la PaO2 / FIO2, días de ventilación, colocación en decúbito prono, traqueotomía, medidas terapéuticas farmacológicas y no farmacológicas, días de internación, así como las complicaciones y la mortalidad. Resultados: fueron incluidos 214 pacientes, 135 ingresaron a asistencia respiratoria mecánica (ARM) de los cuales 58 (42,9 %) desarrollaron NAV, con edad mediana de 52 años (40-60). Los microorganismos de NAV fueron cocos Gram negativos en 98,3 %, incluyendo Acinetobacter baumanii en 46,5 %, Klebsiella pneumoniae en 22,8 %, Pseudomona aeruginosa en 15,5 % y 5,2 % Stenotrophomona maltofilia. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 44,8 %. Los menores de 50 años tienen una sobrevida mayor que los mayores (34 días vs 22 días, con p de 0,026). Conclusión: la mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 44,8 %. La edad fue un factor de riesgo independiente para la mortalidad en pacientes con NAV, por lo que los profesionales de la salud deben estar atentos a la posibilidad de NAV en pacientes que requieren asistencia respiratoria mecánica, especialmente en pacientes mayores de 50 años.

ABSTRACT Introduction: patients with COVID-19 are more likely to require mechanical ventilation, which increases the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), mortality rates, length of stay in intensive care units (ICUs), and healthcare costs. Objective: to determine the in-hospital mortality of patients with COVID-19 complicated by bacterial pneumonia on mechanical ventilation in Adult Intensive Care in a Hospital in Paraguay during the years 2020 to 2021. Methodology: this is a retrospective cohort analytical study. Demographic variables, comorbidities, severity scores such as APACHE II on admission, the worst oxygenation during hospitalization expressed by PaO2/FiO2, days of ventilation, prone position, tracheostomy, pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic measures, days of hospitalization, as well as complications and mortality were recorded. Results: a total of 214 patients were included, 135 were admitted to mechanical ventilation (MRA), of which 58 (42.9%) developed VAP, with a median age of 52 years (40-60). VAP microorganisms were Gram-negative cocci in 98.3%, including Acinetobacter baumanii in 46.5%, Klebsiella pneumoniae in 22.8%, Pseudomona aeruginosa in 15.5%, and Stenotrophomona maltophilia in 5.2%. In-hospital mortality was 44.8%. Those under 50 years of age have a longer survival than those older (34 days vs. 22 days, with p of 0.026). Conclusion: the overall mortality rate was 44.8%. Age was an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with VAP, so healthcare professionals should be aware of the possibility of VAP in patients who require mechanical ventilation, especially in patients over 50 years of age.

RESUMEN Introducción: El dengue es la enfermedad arboviral más común en los seres humanos. Un diagnóstico temprano y preciso del dengue puede respaldar el manejo clínico, la vigilancia y el control de la enfermedad y es fundamental, por ello en el diagnóstico del dengue es importante contar con pautas clínicas y epidemiológicas que permitan la identificación oportuna y una conducta terapéutica adecuada. Objetivos: Evaluar la validez de herramientas diagnósticas en pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados con diagnóstico presuntivo de dengue en un Hospital de Referencia de Paraguay durante los años de 2012 a 2020. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico de tipo observacional, retrospectivo correspondientes a pacientes pediátricos (0 a 18 años) internados en el Hospital de Referencia de Paraguay el periodo enero 2012 a julio 2020 con diagnostico presuntivo de dengue al ingreso. Se realizó́ un análisis bivariado relacionando las frecuencias de 20 grupos de criterios diagnósticos combinados y 3 criterios diagnósticos aislados (OMS 2009, nexo epidemiológico y antigenemia NS1 para dengue) con el gold standard de diagnóstico que fue la conversión serológica. Resultados: Participaron del estudio 342 sujetos. EL 44% tenía edad escolar y 70% tenía 5 años o más. El 52,76% (191) fueron masculinos. Se encontraron desnutrición y sobrepeso en el 13% y 2%, respectivamente. La combinación de proteína C reactiva con plaquetopenia se encontró́ en 0.45% de los pacientes sin dengue y en el 6% de los pacientes con diagnóstico final de dengue (p=0.004). Conclusión: Este resultado aporta la alternativa de uso de una combinación sencilla de exámenes de laboratorio que puede replicarse en salas de urgencias como en salas de internación en un primer contacto con pacientes febriles con sospecha de fiebre dengue.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dengue is the most common arboviral disease in humans. An early and accurate diagnosis of dengue can support the clinical management, surveillance and control of the disease and is essential, therefore in the diagnosis of dengue it is important to have clinical and epidemiological guidelines that allow timely identification and appropriate therapeutic conduct. Objectives: To evaluate the validity of diagnostic tools in pediatric patients hospitalized with a presumptive diagnosis of dengue in a Reference Hospital in Paraguay during the years 2012 to 2020. Materials and methods: Analytical study of case and control type, observational, longitudinal, retrospective corresponding to pediatric patients (0 to 18 years) admitted to the Reference Hospital of Paraguay from January 2012 to July 2020 with a presumptive diagnosis of dengue at income. A bivariate analysis was performed relating the frequencies of 20 groups of combined diagnostic criteria and 3 isolated diagnostic criteria (WHO 2009, epidemiological link and NS1 antigenemia for dengue) with the gold standard of diagnosis, which was serological conversion. Results: 342 subjects participated in the study. 44% were school age and 70% were 5 years old or older. 52.76% (191) were male. Malnutrition and overweight were found in 13% and 2%, respectively. The combination of C-reactive protein with thrombocytopenia was found in 0.45% of patients without dengue and in 6% of patients with a final diagnosis of dengue (p=0.004). Conclusion: This result provides the alternative of using a simple combination of laboratory tests that can be replicated in emergency rooms and inpatient wards in a first contact with febrile patients with suspected dengue fever.

RESUMEN Introducción: La rápida transmisión y los síntomas graves asociados con la infección aguda por el virus de la chikungunya (CHIKV) en niños lo convierten en un problema de salud altamente preocupante. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir las características de la infección aguda por el virus de la chikungunya en niños del Departamento de Caaguazú, Paraguay. Materiales y métodos: Un estudio retrospectivo fue realizado en el Departamento de Caaguazú, Paraguay, en 2023, con todos los pacientes que acudieron al Hospital Regional dentro de los 5 días posteriores al desarrollo de síntomas característicos de la infección aguda por CHIKV y que dieron positivo para el virus mediante RT-PCR. Pacientes con infecciones por Dengue o Zika fueron excluidos. Se recogieron datos sobre las características clínicas mediante un formulario normalizado de registro de casos y se creó un conjunto de datos electrónicos para su análisis. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 461 niños. 51,6% eran mujeres. Los casos se dividieron en grupos según la edad pediátrica: lactantes (0-23 meses, n=88, 19,1 %), preescolares (2-5 años, n=115, 24,9%), escolares (6-11 años, n=163, 35.4%), and adolescentes (12-17 años and 11 meses, n=95, 20.6 %). La mialgia (64,6%) y la artralgia (63.7%) fueron más prevalentes en escolares y adolescentes. El vómito (89%), la cefalea (89,4%) y el dolor retroorbitario (95%) fueron más comunes en preescolares, escolares y adolescentes, mientras que la erupción cutánea (39,5%) y las petequias (18,5%) fueron más prevalentes en lactantes. Cuatro niños fallecieron durante el período de estudio. Conclusión: La epidemia de virus de la CHIKV de 2023 en Paraguay tuvo diferentes presentaciones clínicas dependiendo de la edad de los niños afectados, con resultados fatales ocurriendo en un pequeño porcentaje de casos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The rapid transmission and severe symptoms associated with acute chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in children make it a highly concerning health issue. Objective: This study aimed to describe the characteristics of acute chikungunya virus infection in children from the Department of Caaguazú, Paraguay. Material and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Caaguazú, Paraguay, in 2023, with all patients who came to the Regional Hospital within 5 days of developing characteristic symptoms of acute CHIKV infection and tested positive for the virus by RT-PCR. Patients with Dengue or Zika infections were excluded. We collected data on clinical characteristics using a standardized case record form and created an electronic dataset for analysis. Results: A total of 461 children were included in the study. 51.6% were women. Cases were divided into groups based on pediatric age: infants (0-23 months, n=88, 19.1%), preschoolers (2-5 years, n=115, 24.9%), schoolchildren (6-11 years, n=163, 35.4%), and adolescents (12-17 years and 11 months, n=95, 20.6%). Schoolchildren and adolescents experienced a higher prevalence of myalgia (64.6%) and arthralgia (63.7%). Vomiting (89%), headache (89.4%), and retro-orbital pain (95%) were more common in preschoolers, schoolchildren, and adolescents, while rash (39.5%) and petechiae (18.5%) were more prevalent in infants. Four children died during the study period. Conclusion: The 2023 CHIKV virus epidemic in Paraguay had different clinical presentations depending on the age of the affected children, with fatal outcomes occurring in a small percentage of cases.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the factors associated with work performance among the health personnel of Hospital Materno Infantil Carlos Showing Ferrari, Huánuco, in 2022. Materials and methods: An observational, correlational and prospective study with a population of 146 health professionals and a sample size of 86 individuals. The information was collected through a questionnaire, where the variable work performance was evaluated with the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire by Koopmans et al. and validated with Cronbach’s Alpha greater than 0.8. The factors analyzed encompassed sociodemographic, work-related and academic variables. The statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-square test and the data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics V25. Results: Most health professionals showed a very high-level work performance (60.47 %). Inferentially, sociodemographic factors such as age 31 to 45 years (p = 0.027) and 46 to 60 years (p = 0.045) were significantly associated with a very high-level work performance. Concerning work-related factors, work time greater than and equal to 21 years (p = 0.049) was the only factor significantly associated with a very high-level work performance. There was no association between academic factors and a very high-level work performance (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The factors significantly associated with a very high-level work performance among the health personnel were age 31 to 45 years and 46 to 60 years and work time greater than and equal to 21 years.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados al desempeño laboral en el personal de salud del Hospital Carlos Showing Ferrari, Huánuco, periodo 2022. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, correlacional y prospectivo, cuya población estuvo constituida por 146 profesionales de la salud y su muestra, por 86. La información se recolectó mediante un cuestionario, donde la variable desempeño laboral fue evaluada con la escala de desempeño laboral individual de Koopmans et al. (Individual Work Performance Questionaire), validada y con confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach mayor a 0,8, y los factores fueron sociodemográficos, laborares y académicos. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó mediante la prueba de chi cuadrado, evaluado en el programa SPSS, versión 25. Resultados: Se evidenció que la gran parte de los profesionales de salud mostró un desempeño laboral de nivel muy alto (60,47 %). De manera inferencial, los factores sociodemográficos como las edades de 31 a 45 años (p = 0,027) y de 46 a 60 años (p = 0,045) se asociaron de manera significativa al desempeño laboral de nivel muy alto. En relación con los factores laborales, el tiempo laboral mayor e igual a 21 años (p = 0,049) fue el único factor asociado de manera significativa al desempeño laboral de nivel muy alto. No hubo asociación entre los factores académicos y el desempeño laboral de nivel muy alto (p > 0,05). Conclusiones: Los factores asociados significativamente al desempeño laboral de nivel muy alto en el personal de salud fueron las edades de 31 a 45 años y de 46 a 60 años y el tiempo laboral mayor e igual a 21 años.

Background: The concept introduced by enhanced recovery after surgery protocols modifies perioperative traditional care in digestive surgery. The integration of these modern recommendations components during the perioperative period are highly important to ensure less postoperative complications, reduced length of hospital stay and decreased surgical costs. Aims: The aim of this position paper is to emphasize the most important points of a multimodal perioperative care protocol. Methods:  A careful analysis of each recommendation of both ERAS and ACERTO protocols is presented, justifying its inclusion in the recommended multimodal care of digestive surgery patients. Results: Enhanced recovery programs (ERPs) such as ERAS and ACERTO protocols are a cornerstone in modern perioperative care. Nutritional therapy is highly important in digestive surgery and thus both preoperative and postoperative nutrition care are key to ensure less postoperative complications and to reduce the length of hospital stay. The concept of prehabilitation is another key element in ERPs. Management of crystalloid fluids in a perfect balance in vital. Fluid overload may delay the recovery of patients and increase postoperative complications. Abbreviation of preoperative fast for 2h before anesthesia is now accepted by various guidelines of both surgical and anesthesiology societies. Combined with early postoperative refeeding, these prescriptions are not only safe but can also enhance recovery of patients undergoing digestive procedures. Conclusions: This Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery position paper strongly emphasizes that the implementation of ERPs in digestive surgery represents a paradigm shift in perioperative care, transcending traditional practices and embracing an intelligent approach to patient well-being.   Background: The concept introduced by enhanced recovery after surgery protocols modifies perioperative traditional care in digestive surgery. The integration of these modern recommendations components during the perioperative period are highly important to ensure less postoperative complications, reduced length of hospital stay and decreased surgical costs. Aims: The aim of this position paper is to emphasize the most important points of a multimodal perioperative care protocol. Methods:  A careful analysis of each recommendation of both ERAS and ACERTO protocols is presented, justifying its inclusion in the recommended multimodal care of digestive surgery patients. Results: Enhanced recovery programs (ERPs) such as ERAS and ACERTO protocols are a cornerstone in modern perioperative care. Nutritional therapy is highly important in digestive surgery and thus both preoperative and postoperative nutrition care are key to ensure less postoperative complications and to reduce the length of hospital stay. The concept of prehabilitation is another key element in ERPs. Management of crystalloid fluids in a perfect balance in vital. Fluid overload may delay the recovery of patients and increase postoperative complications. Abbreviation of preoperative fast for 2h before anesthesia is now accepted by various guidelines of both surgical and anesthesiology societies. Combined with early postoperative refeeding, these prescriptions are not only safe but can also enhance recovery of patients undergoing digestive procedures. Conclusions: This Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery position paper strongly emphasizes that the implementation of ERPs in digestive surgery represents a paradigm shift in perioperative care, transcending traditional practices and embracing an intelligent approach to patient well-being.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The concept introduced by protocols of enhanced recovery after surgery modifies perioperative traditional care in digestive surgery. The integration of these modern recommendations components during the perioperative period is of great importance to ensure fewer postoperative complications, reduced length of hospital stay, and decreased surgical costs. AIMS: To emphasize the most important points of a multimodal perioperative care protocol. METHODS: Careful analysis of each recommendation of both ERAS and ACERTO protocols, justifying their inclusion in the multimodal care recommended for digestive surgery patients. RESULTS: Enhanced recovery programs (ERPs) such as ERAS and ACERTO protocols are a cornerstone in modern perioperative care. Nutritional therapy is fundamental in digestive surgery, and thus, both preoperative and postoperative nutrition care are key to ensuring fewer postoperative complications and reducing the length of hospital stay. The concept of prehabilitation is another key element in ERPs. The handling of crystalloid fluids in a perfect balance is vital. Fluid overload can delay the recovery of patients and increase postoperative complications. Abbreviation of preoperative fasting for two hours before anesthesia is now accepted by various guidelines of both surgical and anesthesiology societies. Combined with early postoperative refeeding, these prescriptions are not only safe but can also enhance the recovery of patients undergoing digestive procedures. CONCLUSIONS: This position paper from the Brazilian College of Digestive Surgery strongly emphasizes that the implementation of ERPs in digestive surgery represents a paradigm shift in perioperative care, transcending traditional practices and embracing an intelligent approach to patient well-being. BACKGROUND stay costs AIMS protocol METHODS RESULTS (ERPs thus vital societies refeeding procedures CONCLUSIONS wellbeing. wellbeing well being. being well-being

RESUMO RACIONAL: O conceito introduzido pelos protocolos de recuperação após a cirurgia modifica os cuidados perioperatórios tradicionais em cirurgia digestiva. A integração desses componentes modernos de recomendações, durante o período perioperatório, é de grande importância para garantir menos complicações pós-operatórias, redução do tempo de internação hospitalar e diminuição dos custos cirúrgicos. OBJETIVOS: Enfatizar os pontos mais importantes de um protocolo multimodal de cuidados perioperatórios. MÉTODOS: Análise criteriosa de cada recomendação dos protocolos ERAS e ACERTO, justificando sua inclusão no atendimento multimodal recomendado para pacientes de cirurgia digestiva. RESULTADOS: Os programas de recuperação avançada (PRAs), tais como os protocolos ERAS e ACERTO, são a base dos cuidados perioperatórios modernos. A terapia nutricional é de grande importância na cirurgia digestiva e, portanto, tanto os cuidados nutricionais pré-operatórios, quanto pós-operatórios são fundamentais para garantir menos complicações pós-operatórias e reduzir o tempo de internação hospitalar. O conceito de pré-habilitação é outro elemento-chave nos PRAs. O manuseio de fluidos cristalóides em perfeito equilíbrio é vital. A sobrecarga de fluidos pode atrasar a recuperação dos pacientes e aumentar as complicações pós-operatórias. A abreviação do jejum pré-operatório para duas horas antes da anestesia é agora aceita por diversas diretrizes das sociedades cirúrgicas e de anestesiologia. Combinadas com a realimentação pós-operatória precoce, essas prescrições não são apenas seguras, mas também podem melhorar a recuperação de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos digestivos. CONCLUSÕES: Este posicionamento do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva enfatiza fortemente que a implementação de PRAs em cirurgia digestive, representa uma mudança de paradigma no cuidado perioperatório, transcendendo as práticas tradicionais e adotando uma abordagem inteligente para o bem-estar do paciente. RACIONAL recomendações perioperatório pósoperatórias, pósoperatórias pós operatórias, operatórias cirúrgicos OBJETIVOS MÉTODOS ACERTO RESULTADOS PRAs, , (PRAs) portanto préoperatórios, préoperatórios pré operatórios, operatórios pré-operatórios pósoperatórios préhabilitação habilitação elementochave elemento chave vital pósoperatórias. operatórias. préoperatório operatório anestesiologia pósoperatória operatória precoce seguras digestivos CONCLUSÕES digestive bemestar bem estar paciente (PRAs

Abstract A novel, simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection method was developed and validated for the characterization of the preclinical pharmacokinetics of melatonin under pregnant conditions. Plasma samples (25 µL) were treated with 30 µL of ethanol absolute (containing the internal standard, IS). After a centrifugation process, aliquots of supernant (5 µL) were injected into the chromatographic system. Compounds were eluted on a Xbridge C18 (150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size) maintained at 30°C. The mobile phase consisted in a mixture of aqueous solution of 0.4% phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (70:30 v/v). The wavelengths were set at 305 nm (excitation) and 408 nm (emission) and the total analysis time was 8 min/sample. All validation tests were obtained with accuracy and precision, according to FDA guidelines, over the concentration range of 0.005-20 µg/mL. Pharmacokinetic study showed that melatonin systemic exposure increased from day 14, with a significant difference at 19 days of gestation compared to the control group. Our findings suggest a decreased metabolism of melatonin as result of temporary physiological changes that occur throughout pregnancy. However, other maternal physiological changes cannot be ruled out. novel highperformance high performance conditions 25 (2 3 containing standard IS. IS . IS) process ( system C C1 150 (15 46 4 6 4. id i d i.d. size 30C 30°C 04 0 0.4 7030 70 (70:3 v/v. vv v/v v v/v) excitation (excitation 40 emission (emission minsample min sample min/sample precision guidelines 0.00520 000520 0.005 20 005 0.005-2 µgmL µg mL µg/mL 14 1 group pregnancy However out 2 15 (1 i.d 0. 703 7 (70: 00520 0.0052 00052 0005 0.00 00 0.005- (70 0052 000 0.0 (7

RESUMEN Introducción. La infección por el virus del Chikunguña (CHIKV) se presenta típicamente como una enfermedad febril aguda que es autolimitada y se caracteriza predominantemente por poliartralgia y mialgias graves. Objetivo. el propósito de este estudio fue describir las características clínicas de la infección aguda por el virus del Chikunguña en una población adulta. Materiales y Método. Este fue un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. La población de estudio incluyó adultos de una región específica de Paraguay durante la epidemia de CHIKV en 2022-2023. Los criterios de inclusión abarcaron a todos los pacientes que se presentaron el Hospital Regional dentro de los cinco días posteriores al desarrollo de síntomas típicos de CHIKV, confirmados por RT-PCR, y tras excluir dengue y Zika. Resultados. Se incluyeron un total de 803 adultos, con una edad media de 45,13 ± 18.63 años y una proporción de género masculino/femenino de 1:1.79. En las semanas epidemiológicas 8, 10 y 11 se documentaron 78, 120 y 132 casos, respectivamente. Las manifestaciones clínicas más comunes fueron fiebre en el 97% de los casos (n=583), artralgia y artritis en el 86,03% (n=653), mialgias en el 77,08% (n=585) y cefalea en el 73,91% (n=561). Hubo 6 muertes (0,75% del total de casos). Conclusión. La presentación clínica de CHIKV durante la epidemia 2023 en Paraguay es consistente con descripciones previas en otras regiones. La enfermedad generó un número significativo de consultas médicas y llevó a la saturación del sistema de salud pública, siendo fatal en un pequeño porcentaje de casos.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection typically presents as an acute febrile illness that is self-limiting and predominantly characterized by severe polyarthralgia and myalgia. Objective. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of acute chikungunya virus infection in an adult population. Materials and Methods. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study. The study population included adults from a specific region of Paraguay during the CHIKV epidemic in 2022-2023. Inclusion criteria encompassed all patients who presented to the hospital within five days after developing typical symptoms of acute CHIKV infection, confirmed by RT-PCR, and after excluding the presence of dengue and Zika. Results. A total of 803 adults were included, with an average age of 45.13 ± 18.63 years and a male/female ratio of 1:1.79. At epidemiological weeks 8, 10, 11, 78, 120, and 132 cases were documented, respectively. The most common clinical manifestations were fever in 97% of the cases (n=583), arthralgia and arthritis in 86.03% (n=653), myalgias in 77.08% (n=585), and headache in 73.91% (n=561). There were 6 deaths (0.75% of the total cases). Conclusion. The clinical presentation of CHIKV during the 2023 epidemic in Paraguay is consistent with previous descriptions in other regions. The disease generated a significant number of medical consultations and led to saturation of the public health system, which was fatal in a small percentage of cases.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to characterize the morphological composition of five populations of native maize and estimate their yields using agricultural practices without the use of agrochemicals. The study conducted in 2021, in the municipality of Cintalapa, Chiapas, within the experimental field of the Regional Academic Center of the Antonio Narro Autonomous Agrarian University. The five populations of native maize were provided by farmers from different regions of the state, with prior informed consent. The Agricultural practices consisted of using plant extracts and potassium soap with neem extract (Azadirachta indica) to prevent and combat pests. For fertilization, Californian red earthworm (Eisenia foetida) leachate and bat guano were applied in their commercial presentation. Morphological characters were evaluated with a descriptive statistical analysis considering days to male and female flowering, plant and ear height ear length and diameter, number of rows per ear and number of kernels per row. Grain yield was estimated by the weight of the ear harvested from a random sample of 20 plants per population. Numerical differences of the studied variables were identified, which demonstrates an existing genetic diversity. The populations with the highest yields were Campeón and Olotillo, with 5.37 and 4.4 ton ha-1 (± 1.24), respectively. The data provide information to design native maize conservation strategies through agrochemical-free management.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar morfológicamente cinco poblaciones de maíz nativo y estimar sus rendimientos, empleando prácticas agrícolas sin uso de agroquímicos. El estudio se realizó en el año 2021, en el municipio de Cintalapa, Chiapas, dentro del campo experimental del Centro Académico Regional de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro. Las cinco poblaciones de maíz nativo fueron proporcionadas por campesinos de diferentes regiones de la entidad, con previo consentimiento informado. Las prácticas agrícolas consistieron en uso de extractos vegetales y jabón potásico con extracto de neem (Azadirachta indica) para la prevención y combate de plagas. Para la fertilización se aplicó lixiviado de lombriz roja californiana (Eisenia foetida) y guano de murciélago en su presentación comercial. Los caracteres morfológicos se evaluaron con un análisis estadístico descriptivo considerando: días de floración masculina y femenina, alturas de planta y mazorca, longitud y diámetro de la mazorca, y número de hileras por mazorca y número de granos por hilera. El rendimiento de grano se estimó mediante el peso de la mazorca cosechada de una muestra aleatoria de 20 plantas por población. Se identificaron diferencias numéricas de las variables estudiadas, lo que demuestra una diversidad genética existente. Las poblaciones que presentaron mayores rendimientos fueron Campeón y Olotillo, con 5,37 y 4,4 ton ha-1 (± 1,24), respectivamente. Los datos aportan información para diseñar estrategias de conservación de maíces nativos con manejo libre de agroquímicos.

RESUMEN Introducción: La transmisión viral a menudo se propaga en grupos, donde las infecciones se pueden rastrear hasta un caso índice o una ubicación geográfica, para así poder tomar medidas de prevención al respecto. Entender el perfil de transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 es esencial para desarrollar estrategias efectivas de prevención y control de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil de transmisión del Sars-Cov-2, a partir de clúster con casos índices identificados, en la V región sanitaria (Caaguazu) del Paraguay, entre julio y octubre del 2020. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, con fichas de notificación de casos de COVID-19 y resultados laboratoriales de la RT_PCR en pacientes diagnosticados con COVID-19 en la V Región Sanitaria entrejulio y octubre del 2020. Resultados: Fueron identificadas 703 personas con Sars-Cov-2 positivo. El 55,49 % de las personas no reconoció algún nexo de contagio. Con respecto al tipo de evento donde ocurrían con mayor frecuencia los contagios, ocurrieron en Eventos Sociales en 58,14 % de los casos y en el Ambiente Familiar en el 33,89 %. La transmisión secundaria se observó en el 17,40 % de los casos. Fueron identificados 58 Clústers, con una mediana de tamaño de los mismos de 3 (RIQ 2-4), y 267 personas (37,98 %) asociadas a los mismos. Discusión: La mayoría de las personas no reconocieron su nexo de contagio, sin embargo, en los que, si conocieron, se puede observar que la participación en eventos sociales fue el principal nexo, por lo que es fundamental realizar este tipo de ejercicios para hacer el seguimiento oportuno de los casos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Viral transmission often spreads in clusters, where infections can be traced to an index case or a geographic location, in order to take preventive measures in this regard, understanding the transmission profile of SARS-CoV-2 is essential. to develop effective disease prevention and control strategies. Objective: to determine the transmission profile of Sars-Cov-2, from clusters with identified index cases, in the V health region (Caaguazú) of Paraguay, between July and October 2020. Methodology: We carried out an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with notification sheets of COVID-19 cases and laboratory results of the RT_PCR in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in the V Sanitary Region between July and October 2020. Results: We identified 703 people with positive Sars-Cov-2. 55.49% of people did not recognize any contagion link. Regarding the type of event where infections occurred most frequently, was in Social Events in 58.14% of the cases and the Family Environment in 33.89%, secondary transmission was observed in 17.40% of the cases. 58 Clusters were identified, with a median size of 3 (IQR 2-4), and 267 people (37.98%) associated with them. Discussion: Most of the people did not recognize their contagion link, however, in those who did know, the main link was because they participated in social events, so it is essential to carry out this type of exercise to do timely follow-up. of the cases.

Resumen Introducción: Las diferentes vertientes que puede tomar el estudio de la actividad artesanal y su relación con el medio natural han representado un importante reto debido a la diversidad de pensamientos expresados, lo que conlleva un esfuerzo heurístico para identificar elementos explicativos que tuviesen puntos de encuentro suficientes y permitieran establecer una clasificación pertinente. Objetivo: La investigación tuvo como objetivo documentar las orientaciones temáticas que enmarcan los estudios ambientales de la actividad artesanal, esto mediante la revisión de distintas investigaciones que han abordado la relación entre artesanía y naturaleza. Método: Para ello, se llevó a cabo un análisis crítico del acervo bibliográfico identificando las orientaciones temáticas. La indagación se realizó tras el estudio de artículos científicos publicados en revistas indizadas, durante el periodo 2007 a 2022 y disponibles en acceso abierto en idioma español, inglés y portugués; además se consideraron los siguientes criterios: tipo de investigación, objetivo de la contribución, enfoque metodológico, ámbito territorial, orientación temática y disciplinaria. Resultados: Se identificaron cuatro grupos de aproximaciones temáticas: a) proceso de producción, acceso a materias primas, transformación y tecnologías; b) impacto de la producción sobre los recursos naturales; c) formas de organización social en el contexto local; d) comercialización y consumo en el mercado actual. Conclusiones: Si bien es posible establecer una propuesta de clasificación de los estudios ambientales de las artesanías, se requiere una visión ampliada de la realidad que supere las perspectivas parcelarias, y se consideren los paradigmas propios de la complejidad como argumentos para su estudio en México.

Abstract Introduction: The different aspects that the study of the craft activity and its relationship with the natural environment can take have represented an important challenge due to the diversity of thoughts expressed, which entails a heuristic effort to identify explanatory elements that have meeting points and allow a pertinent classification to be established. Objective: The objective of the research was to document the thematic orientations that frame environmental studies of craft activity, this through the review of different investigations that have addressed the relationship between crafts and nature. Method: For this, a critical analysis of the bibliographical collection was carried out, identifying the thematic orientations. The investigation was carried out after the study of scientific articles published in indexed journals, during the period 2007 to 2022 available in open access in Spanish, English and Portuguese; in addition, the following criteria were considered: type of research, objective of the contribution, methodological approach, territorial scope, thematic and disciplinary orientation. Results: Four groups of thematic approaches were identified: a) production process, access to raw materials, transformation, and technologies; b) impact of production on natural resources; c) forms of social organization in the local context; d) commercialization and consumption in the current market. Conclusions: Although it is possible to establish a proposal for the classification of environmental studies of handicrafts, an expanded vision of reality is required that goes beyond parcel perspectives, considering the paradigms of complexity as arguments for their study in Mexico.

Summary: Key lime is a crop of high demand and importance in the socioeconomic development of Peru, using mostly inorganic fertilizers that generate constant increases in production costs. Therefore, it becomes necessary to use of organic and innocuous alternatives for its production. To assess the effect of different doses of biol or biofertilizer, and its correlation with productive and quality parameters in the cultivation of Key lime, four treatments were evaluated: T0 (control: conventional management), T1 (Biol 10%), T2 (Biol 20%) and T3 (Biol 30%) applied every 15 days, evaluating the following parameters: 1) productive parameters: fruit diameter (FD), peel thickness (PT), fruit weight (FW), yield per ha (YHa) and 2) quality parameters: acidity (AD), percentage of soluble solids (PSS), pH, lemon juice (LJ). Correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), an ANOVA, and the Benefit/Cost ratio were performed. In the PCA, two components were obtained: C1 (71.40%) and C2 (11.80%) explaining 83.20% of the variability. C1 explained the greatest variability and grouped variables: G-I (LJ, AD), G-II (FD, PT, PSS) and GIII (FW, YHa). The treatments Biol 10%, 20%, 30% presented the best results in LJ and AD (G-I) (P < 0.05). The variables FD, PT, PSS and pH (G-II) did not show differences among treatments, and the FW and YHa in T2 (Biol 20%) exhibited the highest values; likewise, it was the most profitable (B/C=3.84). Biofertilizer is an alternative to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers and production costs. Biofertilizer at 20% was more profitable and improved the evaluated variables.

Resumen: El limón sutil es un cultivo de alta demanda e importancia en el desarrollo socioeconómico en Perú, empleándose mayormente fertilizantes inorgánicos que generan incrementos constantes en los costos de producción, siendo necesario el uso de alternativas orgánicas e inocuas para su producción. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes dosis de biol o biofertilizante, y su correlación en los parámetros productivos y de calidad en el cultivo de limón sutil. Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: T0 (testigo: manejo convencional), T1 (Biol 10%), T2 (Biol 20%) y T3 (Biol 30%) aplicados cada 15 días, evaluando los siguientes parámetros: 1) productivos: diámetro del fruto (DF), grosor de cáscara (GC), peso del fruto (PF), rendimiento por ha (RHa) y 2) calidad: acidez (AD), porcentaje de sólidos solubles (PSS), pH, zumo o jugo de limón (ZL). Se realizó análisis de correlación, análisis de componentes principales-ACP, un ANOVA, y se analizó la relación Beneficio/Costo. En el ACP se obtuvo dos componentes: C1 (71.40%) y C2 (11.80%) explicando el 83.20% de la variabilidad. El C1 explica la mayor variabilidad y agrupó variables: G-I (ZL, AD), G-II (DF, GC, PSS) y GIII (PF, RHa). Los tratamientos con Biol 10%, 20%, 30% en ZL, AD (G-I) presentaron los mejores resultados (P < 0.05); el T2 presentó los mayores valores de PF y RHa, y fue el tratamiento más rentable (B/C=3.84). El Biofertilizante es una alternativa para reducir el uso de fertilizantes sintéticos y los costos de producción. El biofertilizante al 20% resultó más rentable y mejoró variables evaluadas.

Summary: Technological trends are present in different areas, in the case of agriculture, it is possible to find applications such as automated greenhouses. However, for a large part of small producers in countries with conditions like Mexico, this type of technological advance means a difficult investment to make. Fortunately, today, it is possible to improve the productivity of the field with affordable technology. In this work, the development of electronic devices to measure the temperature inside a 1000 m2 greenhouse is described. These sensors have the capability to form a network, with which the temperature of various points within the greenhouse was obtained. The information collected was concentrated on the internet and through an interpolation algorithm, those areas with the highest temperature were determined. This allowed punctual and localized irrigation therefore making water use efficient. These research notes are the first part of a project to develop affordable electronic devices capable of measuring climatic variables such as temperature, relative humidity, and light, among others. With the data obtained, the evapotranspiration coefficient can be calculated to estimate the amount of water needed in each crop area.

Resumen: Las tendencias tecnológicas están presentes en distintas áreas, en el caso de la agricultura es posible encontrar aplicaciones tales como los invernaderos automatizados. Sin embargo, para gran parte de los pequeños productores de países con condiciones similares a México, este tipo de avances tecnológicos significa una inversión difícil de hacer. Afortunadamente, hoy en día, es posible mejorar la productividad del campo con tecnología de costo accesible. En este trabajo, se describe el desarrollo de dispositivos electrónicos para medir temperatura dentro de un invernadero de 1000 m2. Estos sensores tienen la capacidad de formar una red, con lo cual se obtuvo la temperatura de varios puntos dentro del invernadero. La información recopilada, fue concentrada en internet y por medio de un algoritmo de interpolación, se determinó aquellas zonas con mayor temperatura. Lo cual permitió realizar riegos puntuales y localizados para hacer uso eficiente del agua. Estas notas de investigación son la primera parte de un proyecto para desarrollar dispositivos electrónicos de costo accesible, capaces de medir las variables climáticas tales como temperatura, humedad relativa y luminosidad, entre otras. Con los datos obtenidos, se podrá calcular el coeficiente de evapotranspiración para estimar la cantidad de agua necesaria en cada zona del cultivo.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the economic, social, and environmental impact of social programs (SP) implemented in three rural communities of the Mixteca in Oaxaca. Methodology: Semistructured interviews, field visits and direct dialogue were used. A sample of 60 beneficiaries of the different social programs operating in the Teposcolula micro-region, Results: There is a correlation between the years that people have been participating in the programs with family migration and with gender equity at the local level. A dependence was found between the support received in the PS in relation to the locality and the level of support they consider receiving in the PS. In relation to the environment, agroforestry systems have been implemented for family food production. Limitations: Since this is information from social programs, beneficiaries distrust the institutions and fear that the information provided will affect their name and their inclusion in the program. Conclusions: PS prevent migration, increase gender equity and access to health services. Through the income generated, beneficiaries buy food and pay for basic housing services The different productive programs have contributed to generate actions that contribute to counteract the contamination of their environment.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto económico, social y ambiental de los programas sociales (PS) implementados en tres comunidades rurales de la Mixteca en Oaxaca. Metodología: Se hizo uso de la entrevista semiestructurada, recorridos de campo y diálogo directo. En una muestra de 60 beneficiarios de los diferentes programas sociales que operan en la microrregión Teposcolula, Resultados: Existe correlación entre los años que las personas llevan participando en los programas con la migración familiar y con la equidad de género a nivel local. Se encontró una dependencia entre los apoyos recibidos en el PS en relación con la localidad y el nivel de apoyo que considera recibir en el PS. En relación al medio ambiente, se han implementado sistemas agroforestales para la producción de alimento familiar. Limitaciones: Por tratarse de información de los programas sociales, los beneficiarios desconfían de las instituciones y temen que la información proporcionada afecte su nombre y su inclusión en el programa. Conclusiones: Los PS evitan la migración, aumentan la equidad de género y el acceso a servicios de salud. Mediante los ingresos generados los beneficiarios compran alimento y pagan servicios básicos de su vivienda Los diferentes programas productivos han contribuido a generar acciones que contribuyen a contrarrestar la contaminación de su medio ambiente.